Tham khảo Di_chỉ_người_Bắc_Kinh_tại_Chu_Khẩu_Điếm

  1. ↑ "UNESCO World Heritage Site: Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian" http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/449 retrieved 12/15/2013
  2. ↑ Climatic cycles investigated by sediment analysis in Peking Man’s Cave, Zhoukoudian, China., Zhou, C., Lui, Z., Wang, Y.; Journal of Archaeological Science 27, 2000, pp 101-109
  3. 1 2 Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 3: East Asia and Oceania, Chuan Kun Ho; Human Relations Area Files, Inc., 2001, p 352
  4. ↑ “The First Knock at the Door”. Peking Man Site Museum. In the summer of 1921, Dr. J.G. Andersson and his companions discovered this richly fossiliferous deposit through the local quarry men's guide. During examination he was surprised to notice some fragments of white quartz in tabus, a mineral normally foreign in that locality. The significance of this occurrence immediately suggested itself to him and turning to his companions, he exclaimed dramatically "Here is primitive man, now all we have to do is find him!"
  5. ↑ “The First Knock at the Door”. Peking Man Site Museum. For some weeks in this summer and a longer period in 1923 Dr. Otto Zdansky carried on excavations of this cave site. He accumulated an extensive collection of fossil material, including two Homo erectus teeth that were recognized in 1926. So, the cave home of Peking Man was opened to the world.
  6. ↑ “Middle Pleistocene climate and habitat change at Zhoukoudian, China, from the carbon and oxygen isotopic record from herbivore tooth enamel”, Gaboardia, Deng and Wang, Quaternary Research 63, 2005, p 331
  7. ↑ “The Peking Man World Heritage Site at Zhoukoudian”. UNESCO. Truy cập ngày 20 tháng 4 năm 2008. In February 1918, Johann Gunnar Andersson, a famous Swedish geologist and archaeologist, was told that there were some fossils at what was called Chicken-bone Hill near Zhoukoudian. He was then serving as an adviser on mineral affairs in the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce of the Chinese Government. He showed much interest and, in the following month, made a survey at the hill where a lot of rodent fossil was collected. The rodent fossil was taken as chicken bones by local people and the Chicken-bone Hill was so named. The latter is nominated later as Locality 6 of the Peking Man Site. This discovery of the locality is not so important, but the survey led to a series of investigations in the region. Chú thích có tham số trống không rõ: |month= (trợ giúp)
  8. ↑ “Review of the History”. Peking Man Site Museum. John Gunnar Anderson, a Swedish geologist, discovered Peking Man Site in 1921. Under his supervision, Otto Zdensky, an Austrian palaeontologist, excavated at the site in 1921 and 1923 and found a human molar.
  9. ↑ “Review of the History”. Peking Man Site Museum. In 1926 a human premolar was found among the material from the Peking Man Site during preparation in the laboratory in Uppsala, Sweden. Andersson announced the discovery in October in Beijing.
  10. ↑ “Review of the History”. Peking Man Site Museum. During the field season of 1928, numerous isolated teeth, the greater part of a juvenile jaw and an adult jaw fragment with three molars were discovered.
  11. ↑ Melvin, Sheila (ngày 11 tháng 10 năm 2005). “Archaeology: Peking Man, still missing and missed”. International Herald Tribune. Truy cập ngày 20 tháng 4 năm 2008. The scientists who worked on the excavation rode to the site on mules and stayed in an old caravansary. The first skullcap was dug out by Pei Wenzhong working in a 40-meter crevasse in frigid weather with a hammer in one hand and a candle in the other. Chú thích có tham số trống không rõ: |month= (trợ giúp)
  12. ↑ “The Peking Man World Heritage Site at Zhoukoudian”. UNESCO. Truy cập ngày 20 tháng 4 năm 2008. Just after the discovery of the first skullcap of Peking Man, the second skullcap was discovered in the spring of 1930. It was found and restored from a block of sediments from locus nearby that of the first skullcap and brought back to the Cenozoic Research Laboratory. Chú thích có tham số trống không rõ: |month= (trợ giúp)
  13. ↑ “The Peking Man World Heritage Site at Zhoukoudian”. UNESCO. Truy cập ngày 20 tháng 4 năm 2008. In 1932, the scale of the excavation was large and daily employment of workers was more than one hundred. Within a square kilometre sphere, excavation of different loci was often carried out simultaneously. Chú thích có tham số trống không rõ: |month= (trợ giúp)
  14. ↑ “Review of the History”. Peking Man Site Museum. Henri Breuil, a French archaeologist, was invited to visit the site in 1931, he confirmed the existence of stone tools at Peking Man Site. In the same year, the evidence of the use of fire at this cave was accepted by the anthropological circle.
  15. ↑ Melvin, Sheila (ngày 11 tháng 10 năm 2005). “Archaeology: Peking Man, still missing and missed”. International Herald Tribune. Truy cập ngày 20 tháng 4 năm 2008. Black died at his office desk in the middle of the night with a skullcap of Peking Man beside him. Chú thích có tham số trống không rõ: |month= (trợ giúp)
  16. ↑ “The Peking Man World Heritage Site at Zhoukoudian”. UNESCO. Truy cập ngày 20 tháng 4 năm 2008. Since 1935, excavation was under the charge of Mr. Jia Lan-po, world famous archeologist. In the following excavations, the most fruitful year was in 1936, three complete skullcaps were unearthed. Chú thích có tham số trống không rõ: |month= (trợ giúp)
  17. ↑ “Review of the History”. Peking Man Site Museum. During 1927-1937, abundant human and animal fossils as well as artefact were found at Peking Man Site, it made the site to be the most productive one of the Homo erectus sites of the same age all over the world. Other localities in the vicinity were also excavated almost at the same time.
  18. ↑ Melvin, Sheila (ngày 11 tháng 10 năm 2005). “Archaeology: Peking Man, still missing and missed”. International Herald Tribune. Truy cập ngày 20 tháng 4 năm 2008. Three Chinese workers at the site were tortured and then bayoneted to death by Japanese soldiers, and one worker was forced to drive a rickshaw and died of starvation. Chú thích có tham số trống không rõ: |month= (trợ giúp)
  19. ↑ “Review of the History”. Peking Man Site Museum. During World War II, Peking Man fossils were lost in 1941.
  20. ↑ “Review of the History”. Peking Man Site Museum. But the fossils had been studied in great detail by Franz Weidenreich, a German Jewish anthropologist, whose publication on Peking Man provided most part of the knowledge of the physical characters of the earliest humans known by then.
  21. ↑ “Review of the History”. Peking Man Site Museum. The excavation work at Zhoukoudian site was resumed in 1949, 5 teeth and one piece of thighbone fragment as well as one piece of shinbone fragment of Peking Man were found.
  22. ↑ “Review of the History”. Peking Man Site Museum. In 1950, another premolar was found in the materials unearthed from the Peking Man Site, the materials were transported to Uppsala in the early 1920s.
  23. ↑ “Review of the History”. Peking Man Site Museum. Two pieces of cranial fragment and a premolar of Peking Man were found in 1966, these two skull fragment perfectly matched with the two pieces of skull fragment unearthed in 1934 (one of which was recognized in laboratory in 1936), they belong to the same individual.
  24. ↑ “Review of the History”. Peking Man Site Museum. A premolar of Homo sapiens was found at Locality 4 of Zhoukoudian during 1972-1973.
  25. ↑ Wendy Conklin. “Mysteries in History: World History”. Peking Man Site Museum. Each set belonged to a dif ferent Peking man. They were more than 500,000 years old. With these bones, scientists were able to figure out what this Peking Man looked like.